Evaluation of electric and magnetic fields distribution and SAR induced in 3D models of water containers by radiofrequency radiation using FDTD and FEM simulation techniques

In this study, two software packages using different numerical techniques FEKO 6.3 with Finite-Element Method (FEM) and XFDTD 7 with Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTD) were used to assess exposure of 3D models of square, rectangular, and pyramidal shaped water containers to electromagnetic waves at 300, 900, and 2400 MHz frequencies. Using the FEM simulation technique, the peak electric field of 25, 4.5, and 2 V/m at 300 MHz and 15.75, 1.5, and 1.75 V/m at 900 MHz were observed in pyramidal, rectangular, and square shaped 3D container models, respectively. The FDTD simulation method confirmed a peak electric field of 12.782, 10.907, and 10.625 V/m at 2400 MHz in the pyramidal, square, and rectangular shaped 3D models, respectively. The study demonstrated an exceptionally high level of electric field in the water in the two identical pyramid shaped 3D models analyzed using the two different simulation techniques. Both FEM and FDTD simulation techniques indicated variations in the distribution of electric, magnetic fields, and specific absorption rate of water stored inside the 3D container models. The study successfully demonstrated that shape and dimensions of 3D models significantly influence the electric and magnetic fields inside packaged materials; thus, specific absorption rates in the stored water vary according to the shape and dimensions of the packaging materials.Comment: 22 pages, 30 figures and 2 table

The relationship between environmental abundant electromagnetic fields and packaging shape to their effects on the 17O NMR and Raman spectra of H2O-NaCl

In this study, two identical groups of four containers with different packaging shapes made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were used to store H 2 O–NaCl solution for seven days at ambient room temperature (25°C). Faraday shield was used to shield one group. The surrounding electromagnetic fields were measured during the storage period by using R&S®TS-EMF EMF measurement system. Samples of H 2 O–NaCl were collected at the end of the storage period and examined by 17 Oxygene nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 17 O NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. Electromagnetic simulation was used to explore the relationship between the packaging shape of H 2 O–NaCl containers and the environmentally abundant electromagnetic fields to their effects on the cluster size of water. The study showed variations in the cluster size of water stored inside the two groups of containers. It was observed that the cluster size of water stored in the unshielded containers was lower than that of the shielded containers. The cluster size of water stored in the unshielded pyramidal container was lower than the cluster size of water stored in the unshielded rectangular, square, and cylindrical containers. The EM simulation results showed significant variations in the total specific absorption rate SAR and maximum point SAR values induced in the H 2 O–NaCl solution in the unshielded container models at 2400MHz for both vertical and horizontal polarization. It can be concluded that the variations in the values of SAR induced in H 2 O–NaCl solution are directly related to the variations in the cluster size of the stored water

Effect of packaging shape and storage on the keeping quality of mineral water and a development of water-treatment device

A notable change of quality and increase in the cost of water-treatment devices has resulted from the current watertreatment and packaging techniques in the food industry. Because of these factors, efforts to discover alternative, less stringent packaging techniques have taken a place of high priority in food science. Pyramidal food packages are capable of altering the crystallization mode of water’s mineral content. The effects of pyramidal and square packaging shapes on mineral water were studied by examining ice surface morphology. Ice surface morphology was examined by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy VP-SEM. The pyramid shaped package promotes the formation of filament-shaped crystals, and reduction of solid substrate-bound crystals. These results provide evidence that a pyramidal package acts to structure water and mineral particles in an ordered manner